Celia Wagar's CritPoints

3D action games with freely rotating cameras need a way to focus on objects of interest, otherwise characters moving around enemies can cause the camera to lose sight of their target. It’s difficult to operate the attack buttons and camera at the same time. It’s also difficult to aim characters facing direction accurately when the camera is at their back, so Zelda: Ocarina of Time came up with the compromise of Z-Targeting, which is known in many games as Lock-on.

There are three types of Lock-On; Hard-Lock, Soft-Lock, and Camera Lock. Hard-Lock is toggled by holding or pressing a button to typically orients the character and camera to face a target. Hard-Lock can be found in the Devil May Cry series, Bayonetta, Dark Souls, Legend of Zelda, and Metroid Prime. It’s notable that in DMC and some parts of Bayonetta, Hard-Lock functions independent of the camera, so you’re not forced to look at the enemies you’re locked onto, which helps prevent multiple enemies from getting lost off camera. Soft-Lock functions automatically by orienting the character to face enemies when they attack at a close range. Soft-Lock allows players to move in any direction unrestricted, but always attacks accurately. Soft-Lock is used with the guns in DMC when you’re not locked on. It can also be found in Metroid: Other M, Metal Gear Rising, and DmC. Camera lock is when the camera is fixed to look in one direction, but the character’s actions are unaffected by the camera. This can be found in Metal Gear Rising, which allows you to lock the camera, but Raiden’s actions are unaffected by where the camera is locked. Raiden still soft-locks onto targets as normal.

So what type of lock-on is best? In my opinion Hard-Lock provides the most benefits, especially when the button for lock-on is held instead of toggled. It’s helpful to have the character face their target, enabling them to strafe. It visibly identifies which enemy is being targeted, as opposed to soft lock which has no visible indicator of who you’ll attack. The player can lock-on and lock off and manually choose new targets as desired. It also allows the obvious boon of being able to use directional inputs with other buttons, by orienting the character relative to the target. Games without a lock-on in a 3D perspective have no absolute directions because the camera can change orientation. The player can only get relative directions such as in the case of Bayonetta where tapping the directions “forward, forward”, and then the attack button or “back, forward,” and attack uses certain moves like stinger. Bayonetta also had a Hard-Lock in addition to this input method. It can be hard to tap the directions with the correct timing, and even harder to tap those directions the right way to successfully hit the exact enemy you want. With a Hard-Lock, the player can just hold forward and press attack at any time. Dark Souls has a Hard-Lock, but the kick and jump attack commands are designed to work without it. They can be difficult to manually operate as a result, since they’re input similarly to a smash attack in Super Smash Bros rather than the easier DMC method of holding a direction and pressing attack.

The trouble is that once Hard-Lock is engaged, combat becomes about the line between the player and the opponent. It becomes 1 dimensional, literally. The only thing that matters is how far your attacks reach and how far both of you are from one another. Game elements have to be introduced so that there is a value to rotating the camera in 3D space for the player otherwise it stop being 3d in function. If the Hard Lock is perfect the player will always face the player’s opponent and will only need to move to avoid getting cornered. To prevent this, many games lock the aim straight forward or slow the character’s rotational speed or make movement slower. This encourages the player to lock on manually only for precision or special directional inputs, and lock off when they don’t need it.

For this reason there is a draw to combat without lock-on. It’s enjoyable to play Dark Souls without lock-on, and it’s technically more efficient for a lot of tasks as it allows the player to run and dodge in any direction unlike during lock-on. Bloodborne was effective by having the quickstep active in lock-on mode and roll active when not to differentiate the two modes. Non-lock-on combat tends to work better in games with isometric or top-down camera angles like Wonderful 101 since the player can clearly see which way the character is pointed but this will affect level layout. To have complex 3D environments and architecture that players walk up, down, and through some type of camera centering button and/or camera lock function quickly becomes necessary for simple navigation.

This video and others by the same guy can show how useful it is to lock off in Dark Souls.

A Soft-lock camera like in MGR remedies a clumsy camera but when multiple enemies are involved, locking the camera onto one of them can be a death sentence. The MGR camera is so close that enemies frequently get up behind the player and it’s practically biased to force you into corners because it pushes off walls so hard it faces straight into them. I feel like no lock-on combat is more successful in Dark Souls due to better camera design and the attack buttons being on the shoulder buttons, so you don’t need to pull your finger off the right stick to attack.

I want to see future games have characters move more to evade attacks rather than using specific dodge moves to invincibly pass through them, which will mean they need to not use cameras that are incredibly close to the character or low to the ground, so players can see where their character and enemies are in relation to each other. I think Dark Souls is very fun when fighting multiple enemies without using lock-on or when fighting bosses without the use of lock-on, but keeping lock-on as an option makes some actions and situations easier, so it’s more of an optional tool to be utilized rather than something necessary to keep the combat functioning at all (though it probably would be unreasonable to not include it).

Freely moving around enemies has troubles though because when you move away from them, you are no longer facing them. Your attacks will go the wrong way completely. Soft-Lock systems attempt to allow players to move around freely, then attack the enemy accurately regardless of rotation. Unfortunately soft lock is unreliable for targeting, because you can’t tell what you’re going to attack before you hit the button. At worst, Soft Lock ultimately reduces combat to just being about the distance from your opponent in much the same way as too good a Hard-Lock. The other trouble is that in a soft lock system, you can’t just hold a direction and press a button for a command move, because every direction is forward, none are back or sideways. In the future it might be interesting to build an automatic camera AI that is attracted to points of interest like enemies that you’re actively engaged in combat with. This can potentially be annoying to players though because they may not want this functionality, they may misunderstand what the camera prioritizes or actively dislike the camera’s choices of focus.

To build on the intelligent camera idea, my initial thought is that elements should be given a ranking, a priority in the camera’s AI. The player character obviously has absolute priority, so it is always in frame (or of course the camera flat out rotates around the character, so it’s not an issue). Next, a point projected ahead of the player character should receive more and more priority based on how long the character has been heading in that direction (much like how cameras autocorrect to the way you are going in existing games). Enemies should be granted priority based on proximity to you, whether they have caused harm to you, and whether you have recently caused harm to them. Further, elements of the environment can be given priority at the discretion of the designer. The idea is that in combat, the camera will orient to fit all combatants into the scene. When running away from enemies it will orient ahead of you as the priority of the enemies you were just fighting falls off and the priority of the direction ahead of you gets stronger. And when passing through without fighting, the camera priority will already be strong and enemy priority needs to build before they are a significant effect on the camera. Maybe the final effect can be visualized like a heatmap, where the camera points to the area with the most heat? Well, it’s more of a linear algebra thing really.

To break off my camera tangent: Moving around enemies, having them all clearly represented on camera, doing it from a close-to-the-character or behind-the-shoulder perspective most of the time, allowing the character to face towards the enemies without reducing their relationship to a one dimensional one or move without changing facing direction. This is tricky with our current controllers.

The thing is, if it could be pulled of, this would enable a game to have a lot more of moving across a 3D plane, and avoiding 3D enemy attacks, while simultaneously attacking them in 3D. There’s a very high level of depth that could potentially appear in a system that can pull this off. Having something be variable across space/time in a meaningful way is one of the easiest ways of giving a mechanic depth.

Think of a movie, movies can depict complex interactions in space like this very easily. The director can simply choose angles that capture everything relevant at any given moment in the frame. Because movies are not possibility spaces of potential events, choosing the right camera position for any one moment is easy. This is why handing camera control to the player is obviously the easiest solution to most camera problems, but players can’t operate cameras without sacrificing access to the face buttons, which sucks. So a good automatic camera is necessary. The problem is, our intuitive human judgment of the best place to put the camera is very hard to express algorithmically, such that in all possible situations the camera will be in a place that captures everything going on. Furthermore, in a movie shot, the actors can be placed to face any direction and simultaneously move while facing any direction, and rotate arbitrarily as they move. The direction that attacks are oriented is tremendously important to making 3D combat work.

To pick an example from a completely different genre, a game like Smash Bros gets away with having characters face away from one another because you have the C-stick that allows you to instantly attack in the opposite direction and you can jump or wavedash which temporarily fix your facing direction one way while moving. Imagine if there were twin stick action games in the vein of twin stick shooters, where you could use a second stick to control your facing direction. This would require automatic cameras, and if those simply locked directly to the enemy then the point would be lost anyway.

Implementing this into 3D space like DMC, Bayonetta, or Dark Souls is a control nightmare. With current controllers, I think you need to make sacrifices in some area or have an automated system handle the camera suitably (still having issues with the attack facing problem), you can’t have it all.

Fixed perspective games like Ys Origins or Oath in Felghana have good combat by means of avoiding all the camera and lock-on problems altogether, but at the cost of simpler combat systems and environments. This affords them the ability to mimic bullet hell games and have amazing weaving through enemy attacks at the cost of being mechanically simple.

Lock-on can be a tool and a hazard. If implemented too perfectly (such as in the 3D Zelda series), then none of the actual animations of attacks matter except their range and startup time. If not implemented at all, then players can quickly lose sight of enemies, especially when they need to press face buttons to attack, or aren’t used to using 3D cameras. It’s up to developers to implement camera and lock-on systems that help players stay on top of targets without trivializing what can potentially be an interesting part of combat. Hopefully future developments and refinement will allow for smoother camera systems and better gameplay in the future. Half the battle of developing a 3d game is framing it.

Which game should game designers look at when crafting the mechanics for a FPS game, fighting game, and hack n slash/beat em up game respectively?

They should each look at all of the other ones you listed. They should look at the games from the other two genres that aren’t in their own, specifically how elements in those genres make players make decisions and strategize and create counterplay. Try to figure out what sets of mechanics they can outright lift and adapt.

Like for FPS, maybe consider lifting how in the other two genres, attacks interrupt your opponent, preventing them from hitting you, allowing you to fight without taking damage instead of it being a war of attrition. For Fighting Games, maybe consider how beat em ups have different hitstun types frequently and how enemies sometimes still have options in hitstun. For Beat em ups, maybe consider ammo limitations and super meters a bit more, as resources that people are building up and spending for various purposes (though I guess they already do this a fair amount, but there’s still a lot of room to explore).

Then remix it up and try to give it its own twist according to the standard formulas I always reiterate. Consider each element that makes the thing what it is, consider how it can be different, based on motion, area of effect, velocity of the projectile, character, environment, target, etc. Consider how you can make something have multiple outcomes depending on when it’s input, how long it’s input, how perfectly it’s input, what other factors are in play when it’s triggered, position, velocity, meters, how much of the characters/hitboxes/projectiles overlap. Change these all up, find a mix that hasn’t been done before and work out how to put it in balance with everything else so it’s not the only thing the player does and so it’s different from all the other things the player does.

What are the key components when designing challenging enemies and bosses?

Give them options for every scenario, give them a way to punish the player no matter what they’re doing and force the player to never consistently repeat a pattern. Give the player multiple ways to respond to every option the enemy or boss has, make it so some options are more effective against some responses and less against others, so that no set of options overlap, they are distinct from one another. Create synergy and interactions between the behaviors of different enemies to produce a more wide set of resulting states. Enemy options should simultaneously attempt to limit the player’s options and open up a chance for the player to fight back and in turn respond dynamically to various responses to create more possible states. If there is a fastest or simplest way of doing anything, it should be the hardest way.

Make sure at all stages that the behavior of the enemy or boss is telegraphed in a way that the player has at least 15 frames to react to whatever is going on when they are in a situation they can fairly anticipate a certain response (like if they’re waiting for something to happen but don’t know what time it will happen) or 30 frames minimum if they don’t know what to expect. If there is something below these thresholds, signal it in another way outside these thresholds.

Use clear audio and visual cues, double up on them if you can, but don’t make them demand so much attention that they overshadow other important feedback. There are all sorts of hidden pieces of information that are hidden for absolutely no good reason.

Consider the areas, zones, fields, concepts that the enemy threatens the player in. Consider how these can be changed, consider how they can be blocked or evaded. Consider their synergy with the environment, and how the environment can give the player a chance to counter them. Consider where they are vulnerable, when they are vulnerable, to what they are vulnerable. What can shut down or interrupt their attacks.

For example, consider a game that rather than just hitting enemies at startup and recovery of their attacks, they had super armor on startup and recovery, and you had a shield that blocked attacks as you were attacking, so the thing you really want to do is trade hits in order to safely attack them, because they’ll take damage on startup and recovery, and attacking on recovery is still pretty safe, but if you hit on startup you’ll get bashed in the face. This means that rather than try to avoid attacks and hit back, you’re staring them face down trying to line up your own in addition to the usual avoid attacks and hit back business. I was inspired for this by the thunder hammer in Ys Origins.

Consider enemies constantly emanating positively charged bullets or something that sticks out in the environment, but can’t affect you most of the time, then when they melee attack, you can dodge that, becoming unaffected by their melee attack, but opening you up to damage by the bullets hovering around. So many ideas.